Civil dusk defition leaders definition3/18/2024 ![]() ![]() ![]() In turn, countries with strong civil societies are more likely to succeed as democracies. Social capital, as defined as the social networks and norms of reciprocity associated with them, can help societies resolve dilemmas of collective action individuals with dense social networks are more likely to credibly commit to other members of society and leverage their social capital to build public goods. Putnam has argued that even non-political organizations in civil society are vital for democracy because they build social capital, trust, and shared values within a society. The statutes of these political organizations have been considered micro-constitutions because they accustom participants to the formalities of democratic decision making. This implies that civil society serves to balance the power of the state. These groups then affect policy by putting pressure on governments. Membership in these kinds of associations serves as a source of information which reduces the barriers to collective action. Civil society acts as a forum for people with common goals and interests to further develop democratic ideals, which in turn can lead to a more democratic state. They argued that the political element of political organizations facilitates better awareness and a more informed citizenry, who make better voting choices, participate in politics, and hold government more accountable as a result. They were developed in significant ways by 20th century researchers Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, who identified the role of political culture in a democratic order as vital. Hegel, from whom the concepts were adapted by Alexis de Tocqueville, Karl Marx, and Ferdinand Tönnies. The literature on relations between civil society and democratic political society has its immediate origins in Scottish Enlightenment philosophy, including Adam Ferguson's An Essay on the History of Civil Society, and in the work of G. However, the term was not in use by Solidarity labor union in 1980–1981. The first post-modern usage of civil society as denoting political opposition stems from writings of Aleksander Smolar in 1978–79. It had a long history in state theory, and was revived with particular force in recent times, in Eastern Europe, where dissidents such as Václav Havel as late as in the 1990s employed it to denote the sphere of civic associations threatened by the intrusive holistic state-dominated regimes of Communist Eastern Europe. With the rise of a distinction between monarchical autonomy and public law, the term then gained currency to denote the corporate estates ( Ständestaat) of a feudal elite of land-holders as opposed to the powers exercised by the prince. It re-entered into Western political discourse following one of the late medieval translations of Aristotle's Politics into Latin by Leonardo Bruni who as a first translated koinōnía politikḗ into societas civilis. The concept was used by Roman writers, such as Cicero, where it referred to the ancient notion of a republic ( res publica). The telos or end of civil society, thus defined, was eudaimonia ( τὸ εὖ ζῆν, tò eu zēn) (often translated as human flourishing or common well-being), in as man was defined as a ‘political (social) animal’ ( ζῷον πολιτικόν zōon politikón). The term civil society goes back to Aristotle's phrase koinōnía politikḗ ( κοινωνία πολιτική), occurring in his Politics, where it refers to a 'political community' commensurate with the Greek city-state ( polis), describing a group established by human individuals for the sake of their collective survival. Especially in the discussions among thinkers of Eastern and Central Europe, civil society is seen also as a normative concept of civic values. Sometimes the term civil society is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society" ( Collins English Dictionary). By other authors, civil society is used in the sense ofġ) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests and will of citizens orĢ) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government. Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere. ![]()
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